World War II Arthur Bondar Collection
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German anti-aircraft gunners prepare shells. The anti-aircraft gunner on the left adjusts the delay on the nose fuse with a special hand set wrench. West Germany. 1940-41

German anti-aircraft gunners prepare shells. The anti-aircraft gunner on the left adjusts the delay on the nose fuse with a special hand set wrench. West Germany. 1940-41
Acoustic guidance system for anti-aircraft artillery. An acoustic locator consisting of four acoustic horns, a horizontal pair and a vertical pair, connected by rubber tubes to stethoscope headphones worn by two technicians on the left and right. The stereo headphones allowed one technician to determine the direction and the other to determine the height of the aircraft. The acoustic locator could detect targets from 5 to 12 kilometres away, depending on weather conditions, operator skill and the size of the target formation. It gave a directional accuracy of about 2 degrees. West Germany. 1940-41A German anti-aircraft gunner adjusts the delay on the nose fuse of a shell with a special hand set wrench. West Germany. 1940-41
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Photos from collection The Western Wall and the air defense of the Third Reich

A battery of 88mm anti-aircraft guns in action with night bombers over the Reich. West Germany. 1940-41

A battery of 88mm anti-aircraft guns in action with night bombers over the Reich. West Germany. 1940-41

A battery of 88mm anti-aircraft guns in action with night bombers over the Reich. West Germany. 1940-41

A battery of 88mm anti-aircraft guns in action with night bombers over the Reich. West Germany. 1940-41

A battery of 88mm anti-aircraft guns in action with night bombers over the Reich. West Germany. 1940-41

A battery of 88mm anti-aircraft guns in action with night bombers over the Reich. West Germany. 1940-41

A battery of 88mm anti-aircraft guns in action with night bombers over the Reich. West Germany. 1940-41

A battery of 88mm anti-aircraft guns in action with night bombers over the Reich. West Germany. 1940-41

A battery of 88mm anti-aircraft guns in action with night bombers over the Reich. West Germany. 1940-41

A battery of 88mm anti-aircraft guns in action with night bombers over the Reich. West Germany. 1940-41

A battery of 88mm anti-aircraft guns in action with night bombers over the Reich. West Germany. 1940-41

A battery of 88mm anti-aircraft guns in action with night bombers over the Reich. West Germany. 1940-41

A battery of 88mm anti-aircraft guns in action with night bombers over the Reich. West Germany. 1940-41

A battery of 88mm anti-aircraft guns in action with night bombers over the Reich. West Germany. 1940-41

A German anti-aircraft gunner cleans the optics of a Flak ZF 20 88mm Flak 37 anti-aircraft gun. West Germany. 1940-41

A German anti-aircraft gunner cleans the optics of a Flak ZF 20 88mm Flak 37 anti-aircraft gun. West Germany. 1940-41

German anti-aircraft gunners work with 88 mm FlaK 37 anti-aircraft gun. West Germany. 1940-41.

German anti-aircraft gunners work with 88 mm FlaK 37 anti-aircraft gun. West Germany. 1940-41.

German anti-aircraft gunners work with 88 mm FlaK 37 anti-aircraft gun. West Germany. 1940-41.

German anti-aircraft gunners work with 88 mm FlaK 37 anti-aircraft gun. West Germany. 1940-41.

Portrait of German anti-aircraft gunners near 88mm FlaK 37 anti-aircraft gun. West Germany. 1940-41

Portrait of German anti-aircraft gunners near 88mm FlaK 37 anti-aircraft gun. West Germany. 1940-41

German anti-aircraft gunners with children and civilians near 88 mm FlaK 37 anti-aircraft gun. Many children were helpers in the German air defence forces they were called Flakhelfers. Germany relied on child soldiers to bolster the Reich's air defences. The children of the anti-aircraft batteries, some as young as 16, took an active part in the war. They served all types of anti-aircraft batteries under the guidance of Luftwaffe veterans who were too old or infirm to participate in combat. Flakhelfers served only on batteries within Germany. West Germany. 1940-41

German anti-aircraft gunners with children and civilians near 88 mm FlaK 37 anti-aircraft gun. Many children were helpers in the German air defence forces they were called Flakhelfers. Germany relied on child soldiers to bolster the Reich's air defences. The children of the anti-aircraft batteries, some as young as 16, took an active part in the war. They served all types of anti-aircraft batteries under the guidance of Luftwaffe veterans who were too old or infirm to participate in combat. Flakhelfers served only on batteries within Germany. West Germany. 1940-41

German anti-aircraft gunners with children and civilians near 88 mm FlaK 37 anti-aircraft gun. Many children were helpers in the German air defence forces they were called Flakhelfers. Germany relied on child soldiers to bolster the Reich's air defences. The children of the anti-aircraft batteries, some as young as 16, took an active part in the war. They served all types of anti-aircraft batteries under the guidance of Luftwaffe veterans who were too old or infirm to participate in combat. Flakhelfers served only on batteries within Germany. West Germany. 1940-41

German anti-aircraft gunners with children and civilians near 88 mm FlaK 37 anti-aircraft gun. Many children were helpers in the German air defence forces they were called Flakhelfers. Germany relied on child soldiers to bolster the Reich's air defences. The children of the anti-aircraft batteries, some as young as 16, took an active part in the war. They served all types of anti-aircraft batteries under the guidance of Luftwaffe veterans who were too old or infirm to participate in combat. Flakhelfers served only on batteries within Germany. West Germany. 1940-41

German anti-aircraft gunners take food from soldiers' cauldrons while sitting near an 88mm FlaK 37 anti-aircraft gun. West Germany. 1940-41

German anti-aircraft gunners take food from soldiers' cauldrons while sitting near an 88mm FlaK 37 anti-aircraft gun. West Germany. 1940-41

German anti-aircraft gunners milk a cow in a field near their position. An 88mm FlaK 37 anti-aircraft gun can be seen in the background. West Germany. 1940-41

German anti-aircraft gunners milk a cow in a field near their position. An 88mm FlaK 37 anti-aircraft gun can be seen in the background. West Germany. 1940-41

German anti-aircraft gunners milk a cow in a field near their position. West Germany. 1940-41

German anti-aircraft gunners milk a cow in a field near their position. West Germany. 1940-41

German anti-aircraft gunners help a girl pick potatoes in a field near their position. West Germany. 1940-41

German anti-aircraft gunners help a girl pick potatoes in a field near their position. West Germany. 1940-41

German anti-aircraft gunners at a position in a field cleaning boots. West Germany. 1940-41

German anti-aircraft gunners at a position in a field cleaning boots. West Germany. 1940-41

German anti-aircraft gunners riding an 88 mm FlaK 37 anti-aircraft gun. West Germany. 1940-41

German anti-aircraft gunners riding an 88 mm FlaK 37 anti-aircraft gun. West Germany. 1940-41

German anti-aircraft gunners near 88 mm FlaK 37 anti-aircraft gun. West Germany. 1940-41

German anti-aircraft gunners near 88 mm FlaK 37 anti-aircraft gun. West Germany. 1940-41

All from collection The Western Wall and the air defense of the Third Reich

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